AML update: Updated list of high-risk third countries

The latest Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Plenary concluded on 28 June 2024 with the following revisions being made to the list of high-risk third countries (HRTC).

What’s changed?

Added to the list of Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring

Venezuela

Monaco

Removed from the list of Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring

Jamaica

Türkiye

The FATF also reiterated its concerns over the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s (DPRK) continued failure to address the significant deficiencies in its anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regime and the serious threats posed by the DPRK’s illicit activities related to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and its financing. In particular, the FATF notes that the DPRK has increased connectivity with the international financial system, which raises proliferation financing risks.

What does this mean for my firm?

Firms (including sole practitioners) must review their existing client list to identify whether any of their clients are now considered to be established in an HRTC and undertake appropriate enhanced customer due diligence (EDD) measures. Firms must also consider whether the changes mean their clients are no longer connected to an HRTC and consider the level of customer due diligence required using a risk-based approach.

Guidance around EDD measures can be found in Section 5 of the AML Guidance for the Accountancy Sector.

Firms must also ensure their client onboarding procedures refer to the updated HRTC lists. These lists are updated three times a year, on the final day of each FATF Plenary meeting, held every February, June and October. The dates of these meetings are published several months in advance, in the events calendar on the FATF website.

AAT’s AML helpline

AAT’s AML helpline offers advice for AAT-supervised firms on all aspects of complying with the Money Laundering Regulations, such as advice on how to report suspected illegal activity. To discuss any questions you might have, call us on +44 (0)20 7367 1347 or email [email protected].

UKFIU’s SARs Reporter Booklet August 2024

Your regular CDD, risk assessments and SARs are helping detect suspicious activity as early as possible, and preventing crime.

SARs are a critical intelligence resource for law enforcement – they provide information like phone numbers, addresses, company details, investment activity, bank accounts and details of other assets. They have been instrumental in identifying sex offenders, fraud victims, murder suspects, missing persons, people traffickers, fugitives and terrorist financing.

Accountancy and bookkeeping firms (including sole practitioners) play a critical role in alerting law enforcement to potential instances of money laundering and terrorist financing. Undertaking regular Customer Due Diligence (CDD) and risk assessments can help firms detect instances of suspicious activity as early as possible and the submission of SARs can help reduce and prevent financial crime.

SARs case studies

The latest SARs Reporter Booklet published by the UK Financial Intelligence Unit (UKFIU) uses case studies to provide a snapshot of how SARs intel initiates and supports law enforcement investigations.

Risk indicators and the Accountancy AML Supervisors Group Risk Outlook

Some of the key risk indicators leading to the submission of the SARs in the case studies used include:

  • unusual transactions
  • disproportionately high level of turnover in relation to income
  • receipt of high value funds not reflective of the subject’s profile
  • discrepancies in the subject’s ‘Know Your Customer’ (KYC) information
  • large credits from third parties which the subject claimed were gifts.

Firms are reminded that the risk of money laundering and terrorist financing is constantly evolving. Firms should regularly review the Accountancy AML Supervisors Group Risk Outlook (PDF), last updated in July 2024 – read a summary of the changes here. They should also review any other risks published by their supervisory authority, such as the AML Alerts that AAT publishes in Knowledge Hub, to make sure they have identified all the areas relevant to their own business. Especially as risks may evolve because of changes to the firm’s client base, geography and services provided.

Guidance on making an SAR

Chapter 6 of the CCAB’s Anti-Money Laundering, Counter-Terrorist and Counter-Proliferation Financing Guidance for the Accountancy Sector provides guidance on what suspicious activity must be reported, when and how a report should be made to the National Crime Agency, and matters which may require a Defence Against Money Laundering (DAML).

The quality of an SAR can affect the UKFIU’s ability to prioritise and process the report. It can also affect the relevant agency’s decision or ability to investigate. Before making an SAR, firms should familiarise themselves with the UKFIU’s Guidance on Submitting Better Quality SARs.

AAT’s AML helpline

AAT’s AML helpline offers advice for AAT-supervised firms on all aspects of complying with the Money Laundering Regulations, such as advice on how to report suspected illegal activity. To discuss any questions you might have, call us on +44 (0)20 7367 1347 or email [email protected].

How are accountants and bookkeepers using AI in their day-to-day practice?

Generative AI developments such as ChatGPT have generated a lot of excitement, but haven’t always fulfilled their promise. We hear from accountants and bookkeepers about AI’s practical applications in practice.

Technology has been enabling accountants to automate and transform the more repetitive, mundane aspects of their job for decades. It’s been reducing errors, improving accuracy of financial statements and forecasts and also, freeing up time to focus on client relationships and value-add services such as business advisory.

But Artificial intelligence (AI) is taking this several steps further. AI-powerered algorthims can analyse and summarise massive data sets and make deep predictions based on that data, leading to improved insights and forecasting and better decision-making.

It can also:

  • Ensure compliance with latest tax rules and regulations.
  • Analyse client data to better understand customer behaviour and preferences.
  • Generate real-time meeting transcriptions and provide meeting summaries.
  • Generate targeted content for emails, marketing campaigns, daily briefings and other client communication.
  • Provide predictive analytics to help with cash flow and plan future business performance.
  • Provide administrative assistance by flagging up urgent emails, summarising relevant content, scheduling meetings and sending reminders.

Yet it’s clear we’ve barely scraped the surface of what AI can do and how it can transform the sector. Back in January, Forbes columnist Gene Marks said that despite many software vendors developing AI-powered tools and products, the vendors themselves say some of their AI offerings ‘aren’t there yet’.

Additionally, Generative AI has come under fire for its exorbitant energy use, and back in May, social media had a field day with Google’s AI overview results.

So what do accountants and bookkeepers themselves think? How are they currently using AI in their practice and day-to-day activities?

We use AI for predictive analytics to help with cash flow and business performance

Gary Hemming, Financial Expert and Owner/Commercial Lending Director, ABC Finance

AI is incredible in daily accounting and bookkeeping activities. It doesn’t just save time, it boosts accuracy. These tools can zip through tons of financial data, spot trends, flag mistakes and offer better ways to do things. It enables us to stay up-to-date with the latest regulations automatically, so we’re compliant without manually checking every change.

My team and I can shift our focus from mundane tasks like handling invoices and sorting costs to more powerful strategic work.

AI handles the repetitive chore of account matching, trimming down the time it used to take up. We also trust AI for peering into the future with predictive analytics, helping us plan better for upcoming cash flows and overall business performance. Plus, AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants are on the frontline, quickly dealing with client questions, which lets me and my team look into solving more complex issues for our customers.

AI has the potential to give advanced financial forecasts and strategic advice. It’s great at parsing past data but improving its understanding of predicting future scenarios with ongoing data influx is a work in progress.

Down the line, I expect AI tools will give real-time financial advice using live data, giving businesses the edge to make quick, informed choices. Combining AI with blockchain might just change transaction security and transparency, although that’s still in the early days.

Verdict: AI does our mundane tasks more accurately. It’s got the potential to give real-time financial advice in future.

AI helps improve social media content and word difficult emails

Libby Walklett FMAAT, AATQB, Director, The Ethical Bookkeeper

I use AI to help with social media posts and emails to clients. I always draft the content and then use ChatGPT to polish it. I used to spend ages trying to word things, sleep on it, then look at it again the next day. But using AI to help generate content really speeds things up.

It’s also great with really difficult situations. Recently, a client hasn’t been able to pay my invoices and requested a payment plan. I really wanted to help the client, but payment plans aren’t something I offer. I drafted an email to the client in ChatGPT – removing any identifying and confidential information – and asked AI to re-write it as sensitively as possible. It generated something really good which I then re-tweaked to make sure it was in my voice.

The client was really happy – we’ve agreed to do a payment plan but just for this year as an exception. Using AI for this has saved me a lot of time and stress and resulted in a happy client.

I think it’s so important to always draft content first, rather than rely on AI entirely to generate content, otherwise it will sound artificial.

I also use AI to help run bank rules in Xero. Bank rules need to be absolutely right. It can perform a smart match where it automatically matches invoices and payments. There is a training element to it: you can double-check the matches are correct, but once it ‘learns’, you don’t need to do that so much. It’s done 35 matches for me in the first month, which isn’t a huge amount but very much a work in progress and I found it really helpful.

Verdict: I use AI to help improve social media content and word difficult emails to clients. It also helps check data.

AI-powered tools are providing insights and identifying discrepancies

Cliff Orme, MI, Cloud Accounting and Systems Manager, DSG Chartered Accountants

AI and Robotic Process Automation (RPA) are revolutionising accountancy, enhancing efficiency and client service. While AI is often perceived as intelligent, it’s essentially a complex algorithm producing answers based on vast datasets. Accountancy firms can use these tools to streamline practice management from onboarding to compliance work.

At DSG, we use three AI tools on a regular basis. We use Dext Precision which helps us ensure accuracy in our financial reporting for clients, by identifying discrepancies and inconsistencies in clients’ records.

We also use SYFT Analytics, a financial reporting tool that allows us to provide insights on clients’ management account figures, as well as cross-reference their performance to industry averages.

We use Microsoft Copilot too, which is an intelligence assistant that works across various Microsoft 365 applications. It helps draft and refine emails, generate and format documents, and create visualisations for complex data. Using these AI tools supports us in offering more timely and accurate advice to our clients.

I believe AI empowers accountants to focus on higher-value tasks, providing strategic advice using insights from tools like Silverfin Insights.

The benefits are clear: enhanced efficiency, reduced manual errors, and timely, data-driven client insights. As AI and RPA technologies evolve, they will increasingly shape the future of accountancy.

Verdict: We use AI-powered tools to provide insight, identify any discrepancies, generate content and draft policies.

How members shaped an event to meet your needs

No membership organisation can hope to stay relevant and engaged without bringing its members into the conversation. So AAT drafted members to shape an event that’s actually useful.

AAT has a number of ways of connecting with its members and getting their feedback. One of these is a Member Advisory Group. Tom Duncan, Product Support and Delivery Manager at AAT, took members of this advisory group to generate ideas for the next big event in the calendar: AAT Connect.

Putting heads together

Heather Palmer, who runs her own practice in Ascot, was part of the group that met to feed into the development of the event. “We had a Zoom call, and just discussed the event, the format and the content.

“And it was very important to me. I mean, there were all ages on the call, I would class myself as one of the older ones, so, it allowed me to give my input to the event, and basically say, ‘Remember, don’t target all the sessions and the talks to students and newly qualified people coming into accounting. Make sure you also target people that have been around for a while and have put in years of practice and maybe built up their own practice with decent turnover.”

Libby Walklett echoes Heather’s enthusiasm for the opportunity to have her voice heard in the event curation process. As a busy practice owner (trading as the Ethical Bookkeeper) she says she was happy to see her suggestion that the event focus on collaboration taken on board. “I’m in practice and I hang around with people in practice and a lot of the people I know are working on their own or in a very small team. So I think that they want to feel part of a community and they want more support.

“And quite often they want the instant moment when you’re in an office with other people and you say I’m stuck on something or can you just sense check that for me I don’t quite get it. Or they just want to have somebody to talk things over with. I think that’s missing when you work on your own.”

As a way of reflecting that growing desire to restore a sense of community and collaboration, AAT Connect has moved away from passive keynote sessions delivered in a hall. Instead, it will follow a flexible, festival style, letting delegates drop in and out of sessions, explore the venue, meet with peers and connect with AAT.

Enjoy inspirational talks from leading experts on the subjects that matter most to you

A practical event

Managing a growing accounting practice is often more than a full-time job. As a long-standing AAT member, Heather says she is encouraged by the growing focus on all aspects of accountancy as an entrepreneurial career.

”I like to see some inspirational, motivational talks on growing your business,” she says. “You know, you’re at a certain level and you want to get to the next level. I would like to hear from people who have been there, done that, or even people out with the industry that are motivational speakers. I always like to come away from these events feeling all fired up, ready to go. So I did put that forward.”

Libby agrees, and hopes the content of AAT Connect will reflect her key concerns, and offer practical ways of addressing them. “What I’d like to come out with is knowing the best ways of running my practice, the best ways to use my time, making sure that my company-wide risk assessment is as it should be, for instance.

“What I don’t want is to come out with a massive to-do list. But leaving feeling like I’ve achieved something would be fantastic really. Leaving knowing that if I’m looking for a new employee, this is the place I need to go and this is what I need to put into my job spec. That sort of stuff would be great.

“Our time is so limited, so when I give up more time to attend an event I want to feel like I’ve come out of it with something useful. So yes, the collaboration is the big thing for me.”

Looking to the future

As November approaches, Heather says she hopes AAT Connect will begin a shift towards professional events that reflect the reality of what she calls a really exciting industry.

“I think the whole industry needs to be looked at from a whole different perspective. It’s been grey men in grey suits for so many years. So I think they need to target forward-thinking people who are ambitious, who want to grow, but also nurture and encourage the young ones coming through, or older people that have just qualified.

“We need to give them the encouragement. And AAT is such a good organization, it’s a privilege actually to be a member. So, in order to grow and get more exposure, they just need to target everyone and give value to everyone, no matter what stage they’re at.”

Connect with your community

Enjoy inspirational talks from leading experts on the subjects that matter most to you, ask your questions in our one to one clinics and connect with your fellow community at the AAT Impact Awards.

Find out more

Accountex Summit Manchester opens its doors in less than a month

On 17 September, thousands of attendees are expected to return to Manchester Central for the sixth edition of Accountex Summit Manchester.

As the countdown for Accountex Summit Manchester is on, anticipation is building for the free event, that features a huge lineup of software providers, a packed CPD accredited education programme and a post-show networking event.

“Last year’s show was a huge success, we welcomed a 35% increase in attendees!” said Accountex Portfolio Director, Caroline Hobden. “This year we’re excited to deliver an even better show with new exhibitors, speakers and features.”

You will leave feeling empowered

The show will feature a lineup of more than 120 software and service providers, including big names such as FreeAgent, Intuit QuickBooks, IRIS, Sage, Wolters Kluwer, and Xero. Attendees will have the chance to meet the teams behind the brands, experience tailored demonstrations, catch up with current suppliers and gain practical insights.

“For the past three years, I have attended Accountex, and every year I discover a new software solution to enhance my business. This enables me to save time and increase my capacity to serve more clients.” Commented visitor, Mandy Crossley, Director/Accountant for MC Accounting & Business Solutions.

Meet the AAT team

The AAT will be on hand at the show, on stand K17. Their team will be answering questions and providing more information on their association, community and opportunities.

‘The quality of the speakers is exceptional. It’s a ‘can’t miss event’’

The CPD accredited seminar programme boasts 60+ industry-leading speakers, covering a wide range of topics and industry trends. Themes include AI, tax, branding, cyber security, Companies House Reform, crypto, employee engagement, AML and more. With sessions held across four theatres, attendees will gain access to thought leaders and experts shaping the future of the profession.

Thanks to Accountex’s official Accessibility Partner AAT, BSL interpreters will be present at all 4 theatres at the show for the majority of sessions.

Visitor Rebecca Holloway, Associate Director at Harold Sharp Limited commented, “If you want to see all the best speakers from the accounting industry, this is the place to be. There is just so much great content all in one day, you can’t afford to miss it.”

AAT will be running the session: ‘The Gen Z approach to innovating your practice’. Panel host Grace Hardy started her accounting practice ‘Hardy Accounting’ at 21 years old after gaining her qualification during her apprenticeship. She now advocates for financial education and speaks about her journey on social media to inspire other young people to start their own businesses. More details on the session will be released soon.

Accountex Summit Manchester is a one stop shop!

In addition to the education programme and exhibitors, attendees can look forward to a post-show drinks event for networking and unwinding after a busy day.

Accountex Summit Manchester is taking place at Manchester Central on 17 September 2024. For further information and to book your free ticket, please visit https://accountexmanchester.com/. Use priority code ASM243 when booking your ticket.   

How accountants are supporting clients with digital transformation

In the continued drive for improved efficiency, businesses of all sizes are looking to assimilate digital automation across operations, streamlining processes and systems through apps and various software.

But with exponential growth in the app market and ongoing open banking development, the options available can be overwhelming. Businesses are turning more and more to accountants for help and support in this area.

One high-profile transformation was by Weetabix, which needed to improve the processing of supplier invoices within its Accounts Payable department. The business implemented a streamlined system which automated the entire accounts payable process, including data capture, automated invoice matching and creation of compliant document store for all invoices.

Some AAT members working in industry may have involvement in transformation drives of this kind across the in-house finance function, but it’s also likely that those working in practice may be called upon for advice from their clients from time to time.

Businesses may be looking to improve or implement automation in

  • payroll
  • Accounts Payable and Receivable
  • reconciliation processes
  • financial reporting.

We asked UK accountants about client demand for app advisory and the support they’re providing clients around digital transformation. Here’s what they told us.

Clients want easy-to-use solutions around automating sales and real-time reporting for KPIs

Emily Rutterford FMAAT, Digital Solutions Manager, Knights Lowe Ltd

The trends we’re seeing from clients around app advisory and digitisation tend to be around automating sales from e-commerce platforms, real-time reporting for tracking KPIs and general easy-to-use solutions.

A lot of clients also need guidance and hand-holding, especially the set-up and advisory, including researching apps. This takes time. Many need advice and expertise on which solutions to use and the levels of integration between their apps, especially because some integrations work better than others.

I’m encouraging clients to use OCR technology. For example, submitting their source documents (receipts, invoices, statements, etc) via inlets such as in-app cameras, a unique email address or linking online platforms such as Amazon for automating upload of purchase invoices. This technology encourages paperless, real-time cloud accounting and means we can keep on top of the bookkeeping so there are no quarter-end peaks in our firms’ workloads.

Verdict: Clients want easy-to-use solutions around automating sales and real-time reporting for KPIs.

There’s now greater demand for full system reviews

Cara McGrath, Digital Solutions Manager, Monahans

As awareness around the benefits of digital transformation increases, or as software-savvy businesses begin to reassess their needs, we’re seeing a greater demand for full system reviews.

Common areas clients currently need support in include:

Managing cash flow: Many clients are still using spreadsheets, which is time-consuming and takes time away from running their business. Therefore, organisations are looking for ways to automate this process and/or for software that will integrate with the apps they are already using.

Managing payments and approvals: Many new open banking and payment app products incorporate new data capture options, to make the process seamless from start to finish. For example, enabling the user to photograph an invoice and upload it to accounting software, which will automatically add into onto the payment system. This provides full visibility and transparency for all users.

Apps like Stripe, PayPal, GoCardLess or Square meanwhile, allow clients to be paid instantly.

With invoice approvals too, there’s a lot of work involved with managing the process. We’ve had clients report they need to send five emails to get approval for one invoice payment. Apps can therefore be a game-changer in terms of speed, efficiency and accuracy.

Choosing the right apps/accounting software: There is no one-size-fits-all approach, so we often recommend the app stack (software choices) that we think would best meet that business’s needs and help them to build a realistic plan of how to implement them as part of a wider strategy.

Verdict: There’s greater demand for full system reviews – we help clients build realistic digital transformation plans.

Real-time reporting is required for payroll to comply with recent legislative changes

Stephen Slater, Director of Commercial Services, RMT Accountants and Business Advisors

Most clients are using some form of software like Xero or Quickbooks to do their accounts. Very few clients use manual systems, but there are still some! However, these types of clients/businesses are unlikely to change.

But in general, and thanks to the Making Tax Digital agenda, more clients are coming to us already up and running on digital platforms.

Clients tend to want to digitise and automate areas such as invoicing, business expenses and payroll. Some clients also require real-time information and reporting, especially in payroll, due to recent legislative changes and requirements.

RMT as a business is very well placed to support clients in these areas. We know core systems, and have a separate technology team.

On a more general level, this is what the role of the accountant is becoming. No one sits around, typing things into computers anymore. Accountancy is a changing role, where accountants should now be able to interpret data and give advice to clients.

Verdict: Clients often require real-time reporting for payroll to comply with recent legislative changes.

We’re integrating and automating systems across tax and finance functions

Andrew Burman, Principal and Global Practice Lead, transformation and automation, Ryan

We work with clients across their entire tax and finance functions to automate, standardise, and create ‘single versions of the truth’ for data and more real-time data insights.

This often includes the application of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) to help drive line-item level review, validation and reconciliation of data sets in real-time.

We’re currently creating a central data hub where tax data can be accessed on demand, along with a range of ‘engines’ to process and analyse real-time data.

This will transition the tax function from retrospective compliance processes to real-time data analysis and business partnership, with all standard tasks automated.

We are also working on the use of AI and ML for predictive purposes. We’re identifying issues as soon as data lands in the system and alerting or auto-correcting based on prior treatments.

This type of work requires a unique mix of skill sets. We need the tax and accounting knowledge to understand what needs to be done, why, how, and when; the IT knowledge to work alongside each client’s IT teams; and the transformation and change knowledge to deliver this value alongside other change projects, which may include organisational, operational and IT system changes.

Our clients are becoming more sophisticated, and our approach is to partner with them at every stage on their journey. We want to define the solution together rather than selling them a ‘product’ and that seems to be resonating very well in the market.

Verdict: Clients are becoming more sophisticated and our approach is to partner with them at every stage in their journey, defining digital and technology solutions together.

Empower your practice with Xero’s new product updates

This content is brought to you by Xero.

Over the last few months, Xero has released a wide range of product innovations. Accountants and bookkeepers can now enjoy powerful new tools and processes such as eInvoicing, enhanced payroll, and more convenient payment methods including bank transfers.

To keep you up-to-date, we’ve launched our ‘What’s new at Xero?’ content hub and will share everything you need to know in a single place. Here, you’ll find all the latest news, technical guides, and videos – a one-stop shop to keep up with our evolving accounting software. 

Here’s a quick look at the key highlights:

1. Simplify compliance with Xero’s tax and accounts production solution
Xero Tax is a cloud based and accounts production and tax filing software. You can quickly compile sets of accounts and tax returns for submission to HMRC and Companies House, using bookkeeping data from your clients’ Xero organisations.

It’s a collaborative tool with a step-by-step workflow, so your team can share the workload (without anyone needing to sign out of the software first). Along with personal and corporation tax, we’re also bringing you partnership tax to serve more clients. Learn more about that here.

2. Enjoy a more integrated practice management experience with Xero Practice Manager
Xero Practice Manager (XPM) is designed to be a complete solution to help run your practice more efficiently. The platform covers jobs, timesheets, invoicing, client management, customised reporting and will soon include powerful client insights.

Easily allocate tasks to your team, set deadlines, and track progress as you go. Receive timesheets from your staff, which can be used to populate client invoices for billable work. And create reports that track metrics that matter to you.

Soon accountants and bookkeepers will also see a new client dashboard with timely insights on the financial health and key metrics of their clients. All the new features of this integrated Xero Practice Manager and Tax experience are live now in beta. Learn more here.


3. Ease the payroll burden for clients with one simple system

We know how complex managing multiple client payrolls can be. Our latest update to Xero Payroll makes this easier. You don’t need to dip in and out of each Xero organisation to get the necessary information. Instead, you have a clear view of all clients with our new Payroll manager (currently in beta).


This tool gives you a simple way to view payroll data across your client base. By centralising all client jobs, Payroll manager will save you time — making it quicker and easier to address and prioritise tasks. You have a consolidated view of client pay runs and can clearly see whose payroll needs attention first. Read more here.

A single place for all the latest news and innovations

Keeping up with changes in your software is no small task. It’s easy to spend hours researching new developments without deciding what to introduce to your practice. That’s why we’ve launched our content hub – one place to learn about innovations to Xero’s accounting software.

Take a look at our content hub to learn about more upcoming product changes, such as our upcoming Tap to Pay feature, or our conversational interface Jax (Just Ask Xero) powered by genAI. We’ll share the essentials of how to empower your practice, now and in the future.

Go ahead and browse our content hub to learn more about the products mentioned above, or book a call with one of our experts if you want to learn more.

This content is brought to you by Xero.

Fast track your accountancy career with the AAT-ACA pathway

AAT is a highly regarded qualification and as a result, students who have successfully completed Level 4 are able to progress more quickly through chartered status. We talk to one apprentice who was able to fast track her career as a result.

If you have completed AAT Level 4 and are thinking of becoming a chartered accountant, did you know that your AAT qualifications mean you could achieve this status in just two years?

Or, in the case of Louise Waters, 28, an accounts assistant at Fairburn’s Eggs in Skegness in Lincolnshire, in just over a year.

“Last April, three months after completing AAT Level 4, my manager asked me if I would be interested in doing ACA,” she explains. “I was keen to progress and carry on learning, and because I had completed AAT, I was exempt from some of the Certificate Level coursework. I also decided to take two exams at a time, which means that I have just three ACA exams before I qualify at Advanced Level.”

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That means Louise would be a fully qualified ICAEW Chartered Accountant, enabling her to take on more responsibilities at work and boosting her accountancy career prospects. She has been able to do this in such a short time because of the AAT-ACA Fast Track. Her Level 4 skills and her practical work experience give her exemptions from some parts of the course and have enabled her to progress swiftly to earn the ACA qualification, from the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW).

“I have always been interested in finance and I did consider an accountancy apprenticeship when I left school, but I was pushed towards a university degree,” she explains.

A passion for business and accounts

After Louise completed her A levels, she studied International Business Management at Northumbria University and International Marketing and Management at Université Claude Bernard Lyon. She then worked at a local accountancy practice preparing statutory accounts, VAT returns and assisting with external auditing. 

“My year out in Lyon consolidated my interest in finance, and in particular in mergers and acquisitions,” she says. “When I came back to England for my final year I was applying for roles in practice, and my first job was with a local accountancy firm.”

Louise started with AAT Levels 2 and 3, studying at home in the evenings and weekends, and paying for the training herself. Then in 2021 she was headhunted for a job at Fairburn’s Eggs, a large family business supplying 14 million eggs a week to national supermarkets. Her manager, Alan Metcalfe, the finance director, offered to support her through AAT Level 3 and 4 as an apprentice in the finance function, and then on to ACA, a qualification she had always hoped to achieve.

“It is hard work studying for a professional qualification while working full time but Alan and the team at Fairburn’s have been so supportive,” she says. “Alan is very good at protecting my study time and making sure people don’t come and give me tasks to do when I am studying in the office.

AAT skills have a practical application

Fairburn’s Eggs is a family firm with a focus on sustainability and is undergoing an overhaul of its invoicing process and programme to achieve zero carbon status.

Thanks to her AAT training, Louise has been able to start working and taking on responsibility for this right from her first day at work.

“I have been able to delegate these two key projects to her which are absolutely crucial to our business strategy,” Alan says

One of these is the firm’s vision to become carbon neutral, a project which involves replacing the lorry fleet to reduce emissions and working with suppliers to help them become carbon neutral.

The second is the overhaul of accounts, from the warehouse to logistics and transport, to ensure full traceability of eggs and to ensure that all invoicing can be handled by Sage 200.

“AAT was definitely a good way to ensure an excellent grounding in accountancy before moving on to higher qualifications,” she says. “I feel that working in industry combines my business degree with my love of accountancy and my fascination with business. LJ Fairburn is a family run business that is innovative and not afraid of change. Thanks to my AAT-ACA pathway I have the confidence to talk to people in every department. This is an exciting time – we have extended our factory, invested in solar panels, and brought technology into the warehouse. I learnt about sustainability as part of my AAT study and it is great to be able to apply my skills in a practical way.”

Improved career prospects and greater responsibility

As a result of following the AAT-ACA apprenticeship pathway, Louise has benefited from more experience, greater responsibility and financial incentives to complete her training. 

“I feel that my AAT training provided a strong foundation, especially in core accounting concepts, which were beneficial in both professional exams and daily work. I can recommend the Fast Track because it means you have a structured path towards chartered status using the AAT skills you already have as a foundation to build on.”

Alan says Louise’s prior accounting knowledge meant she could take on responsibilities straight away, move quickly through ACA study, and become an integral part of the team.

“Louise is very hands on, and good at problem solving, thanks to her AAT training,” he says. “I have seen her mature and grow in personal confidence as as has progressed through her ACA studies. She is hard working and brings creative energy and a positive vibe to the team.”

Turbo-charge your career with the AAT-ACA accelerated pathway

ACA is an internationally recognised qualification, and the Fast Track route is designed to enable you to build on your AAT skills and speed up your accreditation by giving you credits for the AAT knowledge you already have. Like Louise, this could open new career opportunities, greater skills and responsibilities, and the potential for promotions and pay rises.

“The Fast Track can be a very intense experience and it involves a lot of study, but it has been worth it,” Louise says. “The harder you work, the more you get out of it, and the more responsibility you enjoy. It has given me the confidence to aim high and aim for head of finance or a finance director as my long term career goal.

“I really enjoy the atmosphere here at Fairburn’s Eggs,” she says. “It is friendly and progressive, and the company has grown significantly over the past decade. They are really interested in investing in new technology and embracing change, and they have invested in my professional development, enabling me to grow.”

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How the AAT-ACA Fast track pathway makes sound business sense for employers

From an employer point of view, the sooner a trainee accountant is qualified, the sooner they can take on roles and responsibilities and make a full contribution to the finance team.

Using the AAT-ACA Fast track pathway makes great business sense and can mean your staff member achieves chartered status in just two years.

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Why training your own new finance talent makes business sense

When replacing a key team member of the finance function, the choice is often between recruiting an experienced accountant or taking on an apprentice and training them up. Not only does the latter option make good economic sense, but it can also yield surprising benefits.

“Employing an accounting apprentice has been a positive experience which has brought new talent and enthusiasm into our finance team and helped drive the business forward,” says Alan Metcalfe, finance director of Fairburn’s Eggs.

LJ Fairburn is a progressive family company and one of the largest independent egg producers and packers in the UK, supplying 14 million eggs a week to national supermarkets from a network of 45 producers.

Alan and the senior management team have overseen exponential company growth from £10 million to over 100 million turnover over the past ten years. Fairburn’s has transitioned from being an egg producer selling to a middleman to directly supplying major supermarkets, leading to significant business transformation. Its transport fleet has expanded from a few lorries to 35 on the road.

“LJ Fairburn has grown rapidly from being a very small operation, and has undergone a lot of changes, which has been quite demanding for everybody, because all the processes and the procedures have to keep up with the changing business,” he says.

AAT-ACA is the ideal route for motivated apprentices

After a qualified accountant left the team in the finance function, Alan decided to take on apprentice Louise Waters, 28, and support her through AAT Level 3 to completing her ACA Advanced qualification. Louise has been able to benefit from the AAT-ACA Fast Track pathway, which gives Level 4 qualified AAT members a number of exemptions, meaning she has progressed through her training in under two years and now is able to take on greater responsibility.

Initially, organisations are sometimes wary of the time and effort that might be involved in taking on an apprentice who needs close supervision and training, but Alan says Louise joined with substantial accounting knowledge, allowing her immediately to take on key tasks such as account reconciliations and end-of-month/quarter reports. She also demonstrated strong problem-solving skills and autonomy in handling customer queries and internal issues. 

“We are a small finance team, and the company is run by family directors so flexibility and problem-solving are critical due to the dynamic and expanding nature of the business,” he says.

Louise was the first AAT apprentice and her grounding from AAT studies have meant that her role and responsibilities have expanded significantly as she progresses through her role. 

Among the changes which Louise has helped implement are an enhanced drive for sustainability, which involved her working with outside consultants to draw up a zero-carbon business model and upgrading the invoicing and stock control systems to make them compatible with Sage 200. Both projects she has handled on her own with minimal input from Alan and has used her knowledge on sustainability and technology that she learnt in AAT Level 4.

What are the advantages of the AAT-ACA Fast Track pathway?

Alan says AAT provides a foundational base, allowing candidates to gain confidence in their ability to handle exams and acquire essential accounting knowledge. This prepares them better for the more demanding ACA qualification and the discipline of work and study. In particular, the pathway works due to:

  • A gradual learning curve: AAT offers a step-by-step learning process, making the transition to ACA smoother.
  • An enhanced skill set: ACA builds on existing accounting skills and progresses them to a more detailed level, particularly in financial management and business decision-making, which are directly applicable to day-to-day business operations. 
  • A future-oriented perspective: ACA training helps in understanding not just historical financial data but also planning for the future. 
  • An accelerated qualification: Exemptions enable apprentices to qualify more quickly.

Alan says Louise’s presence in the team has made a real difference, as she came in with a deep foundation in accounting skills and was already accustomed to combining work and study. 

“Louise is responsible, keen and good at problem solving, and over the time that she has been working, she has come less and less to me for help,” he explains. “With the rigours of the ACA qualification, you’ve got to be very focused on passing your exams, so you need that mindset.

“From an employer perspective, the AAT-ACA Fast Track pathway works well because the sooner your apprentice qualifies, the better for their own professional development because they can focus on their work alone, and the sooner we can develop them as well.”

What are the benefits of supporting apprentices on the AAT-ACA pathway? 

For the employer, hiring AAT-qualified candidates means they come with a solid understanding of accounting principles from day one and need less supervision. For the student, there is the benefit of not having to take on university student loans or extra debt.

“In a growing company, you want people who are ambitious and want to get on and Louise is a good example of that,” Alan says. “From a financial point of view, it makes good economic sense. Apprentices bring a new energy to the company. They’re young, they’ve got lots of energy, their knowledge is up to date, and they can bring fresh ideas around technology and sustainability. It’s great seeing people develop and it helps our succession planning. We want to be in a culture where people grow and meet their goals, and when everyone’s going in an upward direction that creates positive energy.”

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R&D: What needs to happen to stimulate more investment?

Research & Development (R&D) is essential for economic growth, but business spending has reduced since 2020 according to ‘worrying’ ONS research.

R&D allows businesses to remain competitive and encourages innovation, particularly in the science and technology fields.

But new Office for National Statistics (ONS) analysis has indicated a ‘worrying’ reduction in business R&D spend since 2020. The National Centre for Universities and Businesses (NCUB) say the reduction equates to £80 million less being spent on R&D during 2021 and 2022 than in previous years.

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Successive governments have implemented various policy changes to R&D tax relief schemes in an attempt to address concerns around rising fraud while also simplifying the claims process.

The R&D scheme for SMEs always worked differently to R&D schemes for large corporates but the two merged in April of this year.  

The two merged schemes, R&D expenditure credit (RDEC) and enhanced R&D intensive support (ERIS) replaced the old RDEC and SME schemes as of 1 April 2024.

Under the new system, the expenditure rules remain the same, but changes include:

  • Introduction of above-the-line credit for SMEs as well as large corporates where previously this only applied to those claiming under RDEC.
  • Inclusion of the PAYE and NI contributions cap as per previous the SME scheme, which is more generous than RDEC.
  • Certain restrictions on overseas expenditure.

In January, AAT Comment spoke to accountants who warned that R&D relief scheme changes could put off the ‘wrong’ claimants and supress innovation.

We asked accountants if they’d want to see more R&D changes to help further incentivise investment and if so, what needs to happen to stimulate more innovation and investment.

R&D claims need to be scrutinised properly to reduce expensive HMRC enquiries

Rory Fothergill, R&D and Tax Advisory Senior Manager, JS

There have been numerous changes within the R&D schemes lately which have hit SME R&D claimant companies hardest. The rate of R&D tax relief enhancement has reduced from 130% to 86% for many SMEs. And for accounting periods commencing 1 April 2024, companies will need to claim R&D relief under an even less generous ‘Merged Scheme’ that reduces R&D tax relief even further.

Recent changes mean there are currently six different R&D regimes which makes navigating the nuances of R&D tax relief more complex and less attractive for start-ups.

There’s also been a significant increase in HMRC enquiries into R&D claims. These are disproportionately affecting SME businesses, which do not have the resources to invest time and money dealing with the huge amount of information HMRC requests.

I’d like to see:

An approved R&D advisor list, to offer more assurance that claims submitted from those advisors will have been scrutinised and properly prepared. This should reduce the amount of time-consuming and expensive HMRC enquiries.

More grant funding for companies undertaking innovative R&D work.

Smallest companies receiving means-tested subsidies to assist with engaging professional support to help with R&D claims. Most start-ups don’t have in-house expertise to deal with complexities or reporting requirements of increasingly complex R&D schemes, so they’re at a disadvantage otherwise.

The rate of R&D tax relief for qualifying SMEs increased. The costs of claiming have increased significantly when factoring in the reduction in SME R&D relief, increased HMRC reporting requirements and the risk of HMRC enquiries.

Less aggressive approach from HMRC when conducting R&D enquiries. The trust needs to be rebuilt in this area to encourage genuinely qualifying R&D companies to claim the relief they are entitled to.

Verdict: We need an HMRC-approved R&D advisor list, more grant funding and means-tested subsidies for small companies to limit the impact of HMRC investigations for small business.

We need to address the skills shortage, encourage greater overseas collaboration and lower the risk associated with R&D

Clare Bowen, Partner, Monahans 

There is no ‘one size fits all’ approach when it comes to R&D. There need to be different initiatives put in place to make it more attractive to businesses. This will include tax relief but by no means be restricted to it.

I’d like to see:

Skills shortage addressed. R&D can’t happen without the right team of people and many industries are struggling to find highly skilled people. There’s also a shortage of job opportunities for professionals at lower levels.

More collaboration between countries to fill skills gaps. The collaboration element of R&D is important and needs greater focus. A company may need a specific machine they cannot build themselves, so they need to be able to tap into the expertise of overseas businesses.

Re-define R&D rules to ensure businesses who are genuinely investing in R&D are rewarded, maybe by enhanced tax relief.

Simplify and streamline the claims process. Some smaller businesses I work with are entitled to R&D tax relief but the claims process is so complicated that they don’t bother at all.

Set up a governing body or institute to screen businesses and filter out those that don’t match the R&D criteria required.

Compensate businesses that suffer significant loss or failure relating to R&D, to reduce business concern around associated risk.

Implement a grant system or 50:50 match as an incentive to businesses that can provide a solid business plan. The tax relief is great as you get rewarded after investing, but extra support that can be given prior will encourage more investment in R&D.

Verdict:  We need to address the skills shortage, encourage greater overseas collaboration and lower risk associated with R&D investment.

Impact of relief is more significant among start-ups than big PLCs

Stephen Gibbens, Director, Accountech

Changes to R&D tax credits have generally been beneficial. They’re helping to reduce fraud and eliminating rogue advisors who were making claims for care homes etc.

The R&D-intensive company change ensures that the relief is better targeted too, but does mean we are effectively still left with two different schemes.

The focus now needs to be on increasing the quality of claims without changing the rules further. In particular, we need to ensure the relief is properly targeted and goes to our most innovative tech startups. We mustn’t tip the balance away from tech start-ups to big PLCs.

The government may get more R&D for its money from larger companies, but the impact of the relief is much more important for tech start-ups, which have fewer resources.

HMRC also needs to be better resourced to process claims quicker and more reliably and allow scope for better dialogue with advisors on claims.

We also have to avoid past errors where claims have been paid out but only properly checked later. The uncertainty created by that can have a huge negative effect on the motivation to undertake R&D in the UK.

Verdict: We need to tip the balance in favour of tech start-ups as they have fewer resources than larger PLCs.

R&D claims are still too complex and need simplifying

Paul Beare, Founder and MD of Paul Beare Limited

Previously, the process of applying for R&D tax credits was carried out by accountants on behalf of their clients. However over the years the criteria have become more complex. With record numbers of claims being refused by HMRC, most accountants now see this as a specialist area that requires specialist skills.

With this in mind, most accountants are unlikely to discuss potential R&D claims with their clients as it’s not an area they offer within their services.

The past year has seen a delay in processing of claims with HMRC, which will have negatively affected cash flow for claimants. That’s not encouraging continued investment in the area.

In terms of stimulating more innovation and investment, it would help to promote R&D credits to the business potentially making the investment. They could look to simplify the claims process allowing accountants to make it a core activity in their offering. Anything that would speed up the claims process would be very welcome.

Verdict: The R&D claims process is still too complex and needs simplifying. Accountants could then make it a core activity in their offering.

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